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The commonly used names for plant and animal taxa sometimes correspond to species: for example, "lion," "walrus,"[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] and "Camphor tree" – each refers to a species. In other cases common names do not: for example, "deer" refers to a family of 34 species, including Eld's Deer,Red Deer and Elk (Wapiti). The last two species were once considered a single species, illustrating how species boundaries may change with increased scientific knowledge.
Species that are believed to have the same ancestors are grouped together,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and this group is called a genus. A species can only belong to one genus that it was grouped into. The belief is best checked by a similarity of their DNA, but for practical reasons, other similar properties are used. For plants similarities of flowers are used. All species are given a two part name (called a "binomial name" - "bi" for two, "nomial" for name). The first part of a binomial name is the generic name, the genus of the species. The second part is thespecific name (or specific epithet). For example, Boa constrictor,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] which is commonly called by its bionomial name, and is one of five species of the Boa genus. The first part of the name is capitalized, and the second part has a lower case. The two part name is written in italics.
A usable definition of the word "species" and reliable methods of identifying particular species are essential for stating and testing biological theories and for measuring biodiversity. Traditionally, multiple examples of a proposed species must be studied for unifying characters before it can be regarded as a species. Extinct species known only from fossils are generally difficult to assign precise taxonomic rankings.
Some biologists may view species as statistical phenomena, as opposed to the traditional idea, with a species seen as a class of organisms. In that case, a species is defined as a separately evolving lineage that forms a single gene pool. Although properties such as DNA-sequences and morphology are used to help separate closely related lineages,[2] this definition has fuzzy boundaries.[3] However, the exact definition of the term "species" is still controversial, particularly inprokaryotes,[4] and this is called the species problem.[5] Biologists have proposed a range of more precise definitions,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] but the definition used is a pragmatic choice that depends on the particularities of the species of concern.[5]