Jiajing's reforms to document migrant air max 2011

zngmqk19

Even with Jiajing's reforms to document migrant workers and merchants, by the late Ming era the government census still did not accurately reflect the enormous growth in population.[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] Gazetteers across the empire noted this and made their own estimations of the overall population in the Ming, some guessing that the population had doubled, tripled,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], or even grown fivefold since 1368.[292]? Fairbank estimates that the population was perhaps 160 million in the late Ming Dynasty,[293]? while Brook estimates 175 million,[292]? and Ebrey states perhaps as large as 200 million.[24]? However, a great epidemic that entered China through the northwest in 1641 ravaged the densely populated areas along the Grand Canal; a gazetteer in northern? Zhejiang? noted more than half the population fell ill that year and that 90% of the local populace in one area was dead by 1642.
The number of people counted in the census of 1381 was 59?873?305; however, this number dropped significantly when the government found that some 3 million people were missing from the tax census of 1391.[288] Even though underreporting figures was made a capital crime in 1381, [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] the need for survival pushed many to abandon the tax registration and wander from their region, where Hongwu had attempted to impose rigid immobility on the populace. The government tried to mitigate this by creating their own conservative estimate of 60?545?812 people in 1393.[287] In his Studies on the Population of China, Ho Ping-ti suggests revising the 1393 census to 65 million people, noting that large areas of North China and frontier areas were not counted in that census.[289] Brook states that the population figures gathered in the official censuses after 1393 ranged between 51 and 62 million, while the population was in fact increasing.[287] Even the Hongzhi Emperor (r. 1487-505) remarked that the daily increase in subjects coincided with the daily dwindling amount of registered civilians and soldiers.[246] William Atwell states that around 1400 the population of China was perhaps 90 million people,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych] citing Heijdra and Mote.[290]
Historians are now turning to local gazetteers of Ming China for clues that would show consistent growth in population.[284] Using the gazetteers, Brook estimates that the overall population under the Chenghua Emperor (r. 1464–1487) was roughly 75 million,[286] despite mid-Ming census figures hovering around 62 million.